Apache Module mod_md

MDActivationDelay Directive

MDBaseServer Directive

Controls if the base server, the one outside all VirtualHosts should be managed by mod_md or not. By default, it will not. For the very reason that it may have confusing side-effects. It is recommended that you have virtual hosts for all managed domains and do not rely on the global, fallback server configuration.

MDCAChallenges Directive

Sets challenge types (in order of preference) when proving domain ownership. Supported by the module are the challenge methods 'tls-alpn-01', 'dns-01' and 'http-01'. The module will look at the overall configuration of the server to find out which methods can be used.

If the server listens on port 80, for example, the 'http-01' method is available. The prerequisite for 'dns-01' is a configured MDChallengeDns01 command. 'tls-alpn-01' is described above in 'https: Challenges'.

This auto selection works for most setups. But since Apache is a very powerful server with many configuration options, the situation is not clear for all possible cases. For example: it may listen on multiple IP addresses where some are reachable on `https:` and some not.

If you configure MDCAChallenges directly, this auto selection is disabled. Instead, the module will use the configured challenge list when talking to the ACME server (a challenge type must be offered by the server as well). This challenges are examined in the order specified.

MDCertificateAgreement Directive

When you use mod_md to obtain a certificate, you become a customer of the CA (e.g. Let's Encrypt). That means you need to read and agree to their Terms of Service, so that you understand what they offer and what they might exclude or require from you. mod_md cannot, by itself, agree to such a thing.

MDCertificateAuthority Directive

The URL(s) where the CA offers its service. Instead of the actual URL, you may use 'letsencrypt' or 'buypass'.

If you configure more than one URL, each one is tried in a round-robin fashion after a number of failures. You can configure how quickly or delayed that happens via the MDRetryDelay and MDRetryFailover directives. The default setting makes a failover after about half a day of trying.

All other settings apply to each of these URLs. It is therefore not possible to have two with different MDExternalAccountBindings, for example.

For testing, CAs commonly offer a second service URL. The 'test' service does not give certificates valid in a browser, but are more relaxed in regard to rate limits. This allows for verfication of your own setup before switching to the production service URL.

MDCertificateAuthority https://acme-staging-v02.api.letsencrypt.org/directory

MDCertificateCheck Directive

MDCertificateFile Directive

This is used inside a MDomainSet and specifies the file holding the certificate chain for the Managed Domain. The matching key is specified via MDCertificateKeyFile.

<MDomain mydomain.com>
  MDCertificateFile /etc/ssl/my.cert
  MDCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/my.key
</MDomain>

This is that equivalent of the mod_ssl SSLCertificateFile directive. It has several uses.

If you want to migrate an existing domain, using static files, to automated Let's Encrypt certificates, for one. You define the MDomainSet, add the files here and remove the SSLCertificateFile from your VirtualHosts.

This will give you the same as before, with maybe less repeating lines in your configuration. Then you can add MDRenewMode 'always' to it and the module will get a new certificate before the one from the file expires. When it has done so, you remove the MDCertificateFile and reload the server.

Another use case is that you renew your Let's Encrypt certificates with another ACME clients, for example the excellent certbot. Then let your MDs point to the files from certbot and have both working together.

MDCertificateKeyFile Directive

This is used inside a MDomainSet and specifies the file holding the private key for the Managed Domain. The matching certificate is specified via MDCertificateFile.

This is that equivalent of the mod_ssl SSLCertificateKeyFile directive.

MDCertificateMonitor Directive

This is part of the 'server-status' HTML user interface and has nothing to do with the core functioning itself. It defines the link offered on that page for easy checking of a certificate monitor. The SHA256 fingerprint of the certificate is appended to the configured url.

Certificate Monitors offer supervision of Certificate Transparency (CT) Logs to track the use of certificates for domains. The least you may see is that Let's Encrypt (or whichever CA you have configured) has entered your certificates into the CTLogs.

Caveat: certificate logs update and monitor's intakes of those updates suffer some delay. This varies between logs and monitors. A brand new certificate will not be known immediately.

MDCertificateProtocol Directive

Specifies the protocol to use. Currently, only ACME is supported.

MDCertificateStatus Directive

When enabled, a resources is available in Managed Domains at 'https://domain/.httpd/certificate-status' that returns a JSON document list key properties of the current and of a renewed certificate - when available.

{
  "valid-until": "Thu, 29 Aug 2019 16:06:35 GMT",
  "valid-from": "Fri, 31 May 2019 16:06:35 GMT",
  "serial": "03039C464D454EDE79FCD2CAE859F668F269",
  "sha256-fingerprint": "1ff3bfd2c7c199489ed04df6e29a9b4ea6c015fe8a1b0ce3deb88afc751e352d"
  "renewal" : { ...renewed cert information... }
}

MDChallengeDns01 Directive

Define a program to be called when the `dns-01` challenge needs to be setup/torn down. The program is given the argument `setup` or `teardown` followed by the domain name. For `setup` the challenge content is additionally given. When MDChallengeDns01Version is set to 2, the `teardown` also gets the challenge content as argument.

You do not need to specify this, as long as a 'http:' or 'https:' challenge method is possible. However, Let's Encrypt makes 'dns-01' the only challenge available for wildcard certificates. If you require one of those, you need to configure this.

It is now possible to use this directive inside a MDomain section to specify a specific command for that domain. This allows to configure a script specific for the particular DNS provider involved.

See the section about wildcard certificates above for more details.

MDChallengeDns01Version Directive

Set the way MDChallengeDns01 command is invoked, e.g the number and types of arguments. See MDChallengeDns01 for the differences. This setting is global and cannot be varied per domain.

MDContactEmail Directive

The ACME protocol requires you to give a contact url when you sign up. Currently, Let's Encrypt wants an email address (and it will use it to inform you about renewals or changed terms of service). mod_md uses the MDContactEmail directive email in your Apache configuration, so please specify the correct address there. If MDContactEmail is not present, mod_md will use the ServerAdmin directive.

MDDriveMode Directive

This directive exists for backward compatibility as the old name for MDRenewMode.

MDExternalAccountBinding Directive

Configure values for ACME "External Account Binding", a feature of the ACME standard that allows clients to bind registrations to an existing customer account on ACME servers.

Let's Encrypt does not require those, but other ACME CAs do. Check with your ACME CA if you need those and how to obtain the values. They are two strings, a key identifier and a base64 encoded 'hmac' value.

You can configure those globally or for a specific MDomain. Since these values allow anyone to register under the same account, it is adivsable to give the configuration file restricted permissions, e.g. root only.

The value can also be taken from a JSON file, to keep more open permissions on the server configuration and restrict the ones on that file. The JSON itself is:

{"kid": "kid-1", "hmac": "zWND..."}

If you change EAB values, the new ones will be used when the next certificate renewal is due.

MDHttpProxy Directive

Use a http proxy to connect to the MDCertificateAuthority. Define this if your webserver can only reach the internet with a forward proxy.

MDMatchNames Directive

The mode `all` is the behaviour as in all previous versions. Both ServerName and ServerAlias are inspected to find the MDomain matching a VirtualHost. This automatically detects coverage, even when you only have added one of the names to an MDomain.

However, this auto-magic has drawbacks in more complex setups. If you set this directive to `servernames`, only the ServerName of a virtual host is used for matching. ServerAliases are disregarded then, for matching. Aliases will still be added to the certificate obtained, unless you also run `MDMembers manual`.

Another advantage of `servernames` is that it gives you more flexibility with sub-domains and wildcards. You can define one MDomain with a wildcard and have other MDomains for specific sub-domain names.

MDMember Directive

Instead of listing all dns names on the same line, you may use MDMember to add such names to a managed domain.

<MDomain example.org>
    MDMember www.example.org
    MDMember mail.example.org
</MDomain>

If you use it in the global context, outside a specific MD, you can only specify one value, 'auto' or 'manual' as the default for all other MDs. See MDomain for a description of these special values.

MDMembers Directive

Defines if the ServerName and ServerAlias values of a VirtualHost are automatically added to the members of a Managed Domain or not.

MDMessageCmd Directive

This command gets called when one of the following events happen for a Managed Domain: "renewed", "installed", "expiring", "errored". The command may be invoked for more than these in the future and ignore events it is not prepared to handle.

This is the more flexible companion to MDNotifyCmd.

MDMessageCmd /etc/apache/md-message

The program should not block, as the module will wait for it to finish. A return code other than 0 is regarded as an error.

'errored' is no immediate cause for concern since renewal is attempted early enough to allow the internet to come back. This is reported at most once per hour.

'expiring' should be taken serious. It is issued when the MDWarnWindow is reached. By default this is 10% of the certificate lifetime, so for Let's Encrypt this currently means 9 days before it expires. The warning is repeated at most once a day.

'renewed' means that a new certificate has been obtained and is stored in the 'staging' area in the MD store. It will be activated on the next server restart/reload.

'installed' is triggered when a new certificate has been transferred from staging into the domains location in MD store. This happens at server startup/reload. Different to all other invocations, MDMessageCmd is run with root permissions (on *nix systems) and has access to the certificate files (and keys). Certificates needed for other applications or in different formats can be processed on this event.

'renewing' event is triggered before starting renew process for the managed domain. Should the command return != 0 for this reason, renew will be aborted and repeated on next cycle. Some cluster setups use this to allow renewals to run only on a single node.

'challenge-setup:type:domain' event is triggered when the challenge data for a domain has been created. This is invoked before the ACME server is told to check for it. The type is one of the ACME challenge types. This is invoked for every DNS name in a MDomain. Cluster setups may use this event to distribute challenge files to all nodes in a cluster.

ocsp-errored happens when MDStapling is enabled for a domain, this indicates that an error was encountered retrieving the OCSP response from the Certificate Authority. mod_md will continue trying.

MDMustStaple Directive

Defines if newly requested certificate should have the OCSP Must Staple flag set or not. If a certificate has this flag, the server is required to send a OCSP stapling response to every client. This only works if you configure mod_ssl to generate this (see SSLUseStapling and friends).

MDNotifyCmd Directive

The configured executable is run when a Managed Domain has signed up or renewed its certificate. It is given the name of the processed MD as additional arguments (after the parameters specified here). It should return status code 0 to indicate that it has run successfully.

MDomain Directive

All the names in the list are managed as one Managed Domain (MD). mod_md will request one single certificate that is valid for all these names. This directive uses the global settings (see other MD directives below). If you need specific settings for one MD, use the <MDomainSet>.

There are 2 additional settings that are necessary for a Managed Domain: a contact Email address (via MDContactEmail or ServerAdmin) and MDCertificateAgreement. The mail address of ServerAdmin is used to register at the CA (Let's Encrypt by default). The CA may use it to notify you about changes in its service or status of your certificates.

The second setting, MDCertificateAgreement, should have the value "accepted". By specifying this, you confirm that your accept the Terms of Service of the CA.

MDContactEmail [email protected]
MDCertificateAgreement accepted
MDomain example.org www.example.org

<VirtualHost *:443>
    ServerName example.org
    DocumentRoot htdocs/root

    SSLEngine on
</VirtualHost>

<VirtualHost *:443>
    ServerName www.example.org
    DocumentRoot htdocs/www

    SSLEngine on
</VirtualHost>

There are two special names that you may use in this directive: 'manual' and 'auto'. This determines if a Managed Domain shall have exactly the name list as is configured ('manual') or offer more convenience. With 'auto' all names of a virtual host are added to a MD. Conveniently, 'auto' is also the default.

MDomain example.org

<VirtualHost *:443>
    ServerName example.org
    ServerAlias www.example.org
    DocumentRoot htdocs/root

    SSLEngine on
</VirtualHost>

MDomain example2.org auto

<VirtualHost *:443>
    ServerName example2.org
    ServerAlias www.example2.org
    ...
</VirtualHost>

In this example, the domain 'www.example.org' is automatically added to the MD 'example.org'. Similarly for 'example2.org' where 'auto' is configured explicitly. Whenever you add more ServerAlias names to this virtual host, they will be added as well to the Managed Domain.

If you prefer to explicitly declare all the domain names, use 'manual' mode. An error will be logged if the names do not match with the expected ones.

<MDomainSet> Directive

This is the directive MDomain with the added possibility to add setting just for this MD. In fact, you may also use "<MDomain ..>" as a shortcut.

This allows you to configure an MD that uses another Certificate Authority, have other renewal requirements, etc.

<MDomain sandbox.example.org>
    MDCertificateAuthority   https://someotherca.com/ACME
</MDomain>

A common use case is to configure https: requirements separately for your domains.

<MDomain example.org>
    MDRequireHttps temporary
</MDomain>

MDPortMap Directive

The ACME protocol provides two methods to verify domain ownership via HTTP: one that uses 'http:' urls (port 80) and one for 'https:' urls (port 443). If your server is not reachable by at least one of the two, ACME may only work by configuring your DNS server, see MDChallengeDns01.

On most public facing servers, 'http:' arrives on port 80 and 'https:' on port 443. The module checks the ports your Apache server is listening on and assumes those are available. This means that when your server does not listen on port 80, it assumes that 'http:' requests from the internet will not work.

This is a good guess, but it may be wrong. For example, your Apache might listen to port 80, but your firewall might block it. 'http:' is only available in your intranet. So, the module will falsely assume that Let's Encrypt can use 'http:' challenges with your server. This will then fail, because your firewall will drop those.

MDPortMap http:- https:8433

The above example shows how you can specify that 'http:' requests from the internet will never arrive. In addition it says that 'https:' requests will arrive on local port 8433.

This is necessary if you have port forwarding in place, your server may be reachable from the Internet on port 443, but the local port that httpd uses is another one. Your server might only listen on ports 8443 and 8000, but be reached on ports 443 and 80 (from the internet).

MDPrivateKeys Directive

Defines what kind of private keys are generated for a managed domain and with what parameters. You can have more than one private key type configured and the module will obtain a certificate for each key.

For example, you may configure an RSA and an Elliptic Curve (EC) key, so that 2 certificates are created for a domain. On a client connection, the first one supported by the client will then be used.

Since EC keys and certificates are smaller, you might want to offer them first for all compatible (modern) clients. This can enable faster handshakes. Add an RSA key type to support older clients.

MDPrivateKeys secp256r1 rsa3072

The EC types supported depend on the CA you use. For Let's encrypt the supported curves include 'secp256r1' and 'secp384r1'.

Each key and certificate type is stored in its own file in the MD store. The key type is part of the file name with some backward compatible naming for RSA certificates. So you may continue sharing these files with other applications.

Please note that this setting only has an effect on new keys. Any existing private key you have remains unaffected. Also, this only affects private keys generated for certificates. ACME account keys are unaffected by this.

MDRenewMode Directive

In the default 'auto' mode, the module will do what makes most sense of each Managed Domain. For a domain without any certificates, it will obtain them from the Certificate Authority.

However, if you have defined an MD that is not used by any of Apache's VirtualHosts, it will not bother. And for MDs with static certificate files (see MDCertificateFile), it assumes that you have your own source, and will not renew them either.

You can override this default in either way. If you specify 'always', the module will renew certificates for an MD, regardless if the domains are in use or if there are static files.

For the opposite effect, configure 'manual' and no renewal will be attempted.

MDRenewWindow Directive

If the validity of the certificate falls below duration, mod_md will get a new signed certificate.

Normally, certificates are valid for around 90 days and mod_md will renew them the earliest 33% of their complete lifetime before they expire (so for 90 days validity, 30 days before it expires). If you think this is not what you need, you can specify either the exact time, as in:

# 21 days before expiry
MDRenewWindow 21d 
# 30 seconds (might be close)
MDRenewWindow 30s
# 10% of the cert lifetime
MDRenewWindow 10%

When in auto drive mode, the module will check every 12 hours at least what the status of the managed domains is and if it needs to do something. On errors, for example when the CA is unreachable, it will initially retry after some seconds. Should that continue to fail, it will back off to a maximum interval of hourly checks.

MDRequireHttps Directive

This is a convenience directive to ease http: to https: migration of your Managed Domains. With:

MDRequireHttps temporary

you announce that you want all traffic via http: URLs to be redirected to the https: ones, for now. This is safe and you can remove this again at any time.

The following has consequences: if you want client to no longer use the http: URLs, configure:

MDRequireHttps permanent

This does two things:

1. All request to the http: resources are redirected to the same url with the https: scheme using the 301 status code. This tells clients that this is intended to be forever and the should update any links they have accordingly.
2. All answers to https: requests will carry the header Strict-Transport-Security with a life time of half a year. This tells the browser that it never (for half a year) shall use http: when talking to this domain name. Browsers will, after having seen this, refuse to contact your unencrypted site. This prevents malicious middleware to downgrade connections and listen/manipulate the traffic. Which is good. But you cannot simply take it back again.

You can achieve the same with mod_alias and some Redirect configuration, basically. If you do it yourself, please make sure to exclude the paths /.well-known/* from your redirection, otherwise mod_md might have trouble signing on new certificates.

If you set this globally, it applies to all managed domains. If you want it for a specific domain only, use:

<MDomain xxx.yyy>
  MDRequireHttps temporary
</MDomain>

MDRetryDelay Directive

The amount of time to wait after an error before trying to renew a certificate again. This duration is doubled after each consecutive error with a maximum of 24 hours.

It is kept separate for each certificate renewal. Meaning an error on one MDomain does not delay the renewals of other domains.

MDRetryFailover Directive

The number of consecutive errors on renewing a certificate before another CA is selected. This only applies to configurations that have more than one MDCertificateAuthority specified.

MDServerStatus Directive

Apaches 'server-status' handler allows you configure a resource to monitor what is going on. This includes now a section listing all Managed Domains with the DNS names, renewal status, lifetimes and main properties.

You can switch that off using this directive.

MDStapleOthers Directive

This setting only takes effect when MDStapling is enabled. It controls if mod_md should also provide stapling information for certificates that are not directly controlled by it, e.g. renewed via an ACME CA.

MDStapling Directive

mod_md offers an implementation for providing OCSP stapling information. This is an alternative to the one provided by mod_ssl. For backward compatibility, this is disabled by default.

The stapling can be switched on for all certificates on the server or for an individual MDomain. This will replace any stapling configuration in mod_ssl for these hosts. When disabled, the mod_ssl stapling will do the work (if it is itself enabled, of course). This allows for a gradual shift over from one implementation to the other.

The stapling of mod_md will also work for domains where the certificates are not managed by this module (see MDStapleOthers for how to control this). This allows use of the new stapling without using any ACME certificate management.

MDStaplingKeepResponse Directive

This time window specifies when OCSP response data used in stapling shall be removed from the store again. Response information older than 7 days (default) is deleted on server restart/reload. This keeps the store from growing when certificates are renewed/reconfigured frequently.

MDStaplingRenewWindow Directive

If the validity of the OCSP response used in stapling falls below duration, mod_md will obtain a new OCSP response.

The CA issuing a certificate commonly also operates the OCSP responder service and determines how long its signed response about the validity of a certificate are itself valid. The longer a response is valid, the longer it can be cached which mean better overall performance for everyone. The shorter the life time, the more rapidly certificate revocations spread to clients. Also, service reliability is a consideration.

By adjusting the stapling renew window you can control parts of this yourself. If you make the renew time short (e.g. a short time before the current information expires), you gain maximum cache time. But a service outage (down for maintenance, for example) will affect you. If you renew a long time before expiry, updates will be made more frequent, cause more load on the CA server infrastructure and also more coordination between the child processes of your server.

The default is chosen as 33%, which means renewal is started when only a third of the response lifetime is left. For a CA that issues OCSP responses with lifetime of 3 days, this means 2 days of caching and 1 day for renewal attempts. A service outage would have to last full 24 hours to affect your domains.

Setting an absolute renew window, like `2d` (2 days), is also possible.

MDStoreDir Directive

Defines where on the local file system the Managed Domain data is stored. This is an absolute path or interpreted relative to the server root. The default will create a directory 'md' in your server root.

If you move this and have already data, be sure to move/copy the data first to the new location, reconfigure and then restart the server. If you reconfigure and restart first, the server will try to get new certificates that it thinks are missing.

MDStoreLocks Directive

Enable this to use a lock file on server startup when MDStoreDir is synchronized with the server configuration and renewed certificates are activated.

Locking is intended for setups in a cluster that have a shared file system for MDStoreDir. It will protect the activation of renewed certificates when cluster nodes are restarted/reloaded at the same time. Under the condition that the shared file system does support file locking.

The default duration to obtain the lock is 5 seconds. If the log cannot be obtained, an error is logged and the server startup will continue. This may result in a cluster node to still use the previous certificate afterwards.

A higher timeout will reduce that likelihood, but may delay server startups/reloads in case the locks are not properly handled in the underlying file system. A lock should only be held by a httpd instance for a short duration.

MDWarnWindow Directive

See MDRenewWindow for a description on how you can specify the time.

The modules checks the remaining lifetime of certificates and invokes MDMessageCmd when there is less than the warn window left. With the default, this mean 9 days for certificates from Let's Encrypt.

It also applies to Managed Domains with static certificate files ( see MDCertificateFile).